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CHAPTER   TWO:  INVESTMENT CLIMATE
 
General Features
Bangladesh offers an unparalleled conductive investment climate compared to the other South Asian economics.
Bangladesh is a largely homogenous society with no major internal or external tensions and a population with great resilience in the face of adversity (e.g. natural calamities).
Bangladesh is a liberal democracy and mostly a one race and one religion country. The population of this country irrespective of race and religion have been living  in  total harmony and understanding for thousands of  years.
It enjoys broad non-partisan political support for maker oriented reform and offers the most investor friendly regulatory regime in South Asia.
Bangladesh owns a trainable, enthusiastic, hardworking and low-cost (even by regional standards) labor force suitable for any labor-intensive industry.
Geographical location of the country is ideal for global trades with very convenient access to international sea and air route. Bangladesh is the bridge between ASEAN and SAARC nations.
Bangladesh is endowed with abundant supply of natural gas, water  and very fertile soil.
Although Bengali is the official language, English is widely spoken as second language, English is widely spoken as second language. Majority of even moderately educated population can read, write and speak in English.
As a result of low per capita GDP present domestic consumption is not significant; However, it may be considered that there exists a middle class with significant purchasing power. As economic growth picks up, the purchasing power will also grow substantially and in a country of more than 133.4 million people, even a small middle class may constitute a significant market.
Bangladeshi products other than  armaments enjoy complete duty and quota free access to EU, Japan, Canada, Australia, Norway  and most of the developed countries . However, for apparel export to USA, Bangladesh has a quota regime which is generally favorable.
 
     Regulatory and Legal Framework

Bilateral Investment Agreements
The Foreign Private Investment (Promotion and Protection) Act 1980 induces  a guarantee of fair  and equitable treatment to foreign  private investment. Such national treatment is also provided in bilateral investment treaties (BITs) for the promotion and protection of foreign investment  which was concluded with 24 countries listed below.
 

 
CHAPTER THREE:   
REASONS FOR SETTING EPZ IN BANGLADESH
EPZ set up in Bangladesh due to various reasons Major reason among them is expedites export activities and stimulates rapid economic growth
 
These reasons are:

investment climate.

 
CHAPTER FOUR: EPZ AUTHORITY
 
THE BANGLADESH
EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES
AUTHORITES ACT 1980
(Act No, XXXVI of 1980, dated 26 December 1980)
(As modified up to 13 December, 1994)
 
An Act for the establishment of the Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority. Whereas it is expedient to make  provision for the establishment  of the Bangladesh export processing Zones Authority for creation, development,  operation, management and control of Export Processing Zones and for matters connected therewith . It is hereby enacted as follows:
1. Short title and commencement:
(1) This Act may be called the Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority Act, 1980,
(2) It shall come into force on such date as the Government may, by-notification in the official Gazette, appoint-
2.  Definitions:
            In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context
(a) ‘Authority’ means the Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority  established under section 3.
(b) Board means the Board of Governors of the Authority,
(c)Executive Board means the Executive Board of the Authority
(d) Executive Chairman means the Executive Chairman of the Board.
(e) Prescribed means prescribed by rules made under this Act. And
 
 
CHAPTER FIVE: EPZ AT A GLANCE
 
     Type of Investment
Type- A 100% foreign owned including Bangladeshi nationals ordinarily resident in Abroad
Type – B  Joint venture between foreign  and Bangladeshi  entrepreneurs resident  in Bangladesh.
Type- C 100% Bangladeshi entrepreneurs resident in Bangladesh.
 
     Mode of Investment
Investment in convertible foreign currencies by foreign investors, Option to establish public/ private Ltd. companies or sole proprietorship/ partnership concerns.
 
  Investment Guarantee
Foreign Private Investment (Promotion and Protection) Act, 1980 secures all foreign investment in Bangladesh. OPIC’s (Overseas Private Investment Corporation, USA) insurance and finance programmes operable. Security and safeguards available under Multilateral investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)of which Bangladesh is a member. Arbitration facility of the International Center for the Settlement of investment Dispute (ICSID) available.
 
   Tele-communications
E-mail, internet, Fax ISD, NWD & Cellular services are available.
 
Communication
Adequate sea, rail, road and air communication services are available.
One window same day service and simplified procedure
 
   BEPZA
-Issues import/Export permits
-Provides infrastructure facilities
-Offers One Window Same Day service
-Potential investors are required to  deal only with BEPZA for investment and  all other operational  purposes.
 
Work Force
Bangladesh offers a substantial manpower reserve skilled, semi-skilled & un-skilled. BEPZA is vested with the responsibility to administer labour matters for  matters for all its enterprises.
 
Average Monthly wages
Apprentice/ Trainee                US $ 22.00
Unskilled                                            US $ 38.00
Semi-skilled                            US $ 45.00
Skilled                                                US $ 63.00
 Other benefits include Conveyance Allowance, House Rent, Medical Allowance, Maternity Benefit, Festival Bonus and Overtime Benefit.
 
Working Hours
48 hours week in a factory
39 hours week in an office
Employees Leave
10 days casual leave in a year
17 days Earned leave in a year
14 days sick leave in a year
10 days Festival holiday in a year
 
Package of Incentives
FISCAL

 
     NON-Fiscal
1.100% foreign ownership permissible
2. Enjoy  MFN status
3. No ceiling on foreign and local investment
4. Full repatriation of capital and dividend
5. Foreign currency loan from abroad under direct automatic route
6. Non-resident Foreign Currency Deposit (NFCD) Account permitted
7. Operation of FC account by `B’ and `C’ type industries allowed
 
    Facilities

 
    Infrastructure

A Japanese Lense Factory in EPZ
Support Services
Business: Courier, Fire Station, Post Office, C&F Agent, Shipping Agent, MTO etc.
Administrative: Commissariat, investors Club, Medical Centre, School and College, Public Transport etc.
 Others : Customs Office, Police Station, Banks Restaurant, Health Club, Recreation Centre, Centre, In- house Security, Sports Complex, Exclusive Telephone Exchange, Electricity Sub-station .
 
 
Indicative List of Industries
Garments and Garments Accessories, Textiles Agro-based industries, Chemicals Backward and Forward linkage industries, Electrical equipment  and components  Electronic products, Software, optical goods, Woven and knitted fabrics, Engineering products, Leather products and Foot-wear, Toys Medical and Biological instruments, Pharmaceutical products, Plastic molded, products Industries based on new uses of jute, Cutting / Polishing  of precious and  semi   precious stones, Household fittings and equipment, Head-wear Jeweler Homological instruments, Scientific measuring instruments, Aircraft instruments Laboratory ware, Printing and Publishing, Printing and copying equipment and accessories.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

                           
 
 
 
 
 

Pic: the place of EPZ’s in Bangladesh
 
Chittagong Export Processing Zone
 
Location
South Halishahar 3.10 kms from the Sea Prot, 5.50 kms from the main business center, 7.21 kms from the Chittagong international Airport
    Profile of Zone 

 
     Utility Service

Pic: A part of  Chittagong  EPZ
Dhaka Export Processing Zone
 
Location
Ganakbari, Savar, 5 kms from Dhaka city center, 25 kms from Zia International Airport 304 kms from chittagong sea port.
      Profile of Zone

 
     Utility services

Tariffs are subject to change from time to time .
 

Pic: A Part of  Dhaka EPZ
 
 
MONGLA EXPORT PROCESSING ZONE
 
        Location
Mongla port area, Bagerhat, 105 kms from Jessore Airport, 397 kms from Dhaka and 664 kms from  chittagong Sea Port
     Profile of Zone

 
      Utility Service

 
COMILLA EXPORT PROCESSING ZONE
     
      Location
Comilla old Airport area. 167 kms from Chittagong Sea Port, 97 kms from Dhaka
       Profile  of Zone :

 
Utility Service

 
                ISHWARDI EXPORT PROCESSING ZONE
     
     Location
Pakshi, Pabna Pakshi Bridge through by pass road 3.7 kms, 10.60kms,  from ishwardiAirport, 130 kms from Jamuna Bridge  280 kms from Dhaka  255 kms from Mongla Port, 110 kms  from Rajshahi Airport and 412 kms from  chitt agong  Sea Port.
     Profile of Zone

 
Utility Services

 
 
UTTARA EXPORT PROCESSING ZONE
       
Location
Shongalshi, Nilphamari, 18 kms from syedpur Airport, 401 kms from Dhaka, 650 kms from Chittangong  Sea Prot. 586 kms from Mongla Prot.
       Profile of Zone

 
Utility Service

 
ADAMJEE EXPORT PROCESSING ZONE
 
       Location
Adamjee Nagar, Shiddirgonj, Narayanganj.15 kms from Dhaka city center, 40 kms from Zia International Airport, 255 kms from Chittagong Sea Port.
 
Profile of Zone

 
  
Utility Services

 
KARNAPHULI EXPORT PROCESSING ZONE
 
Location
Chittagong Steel mill Area, North Patenga. 5.6 kms from Chittagong sea Port, 8 kms from main business centre of chittagong, 4.7 kms from chittagong international Airport.
 
Profile of Zone

 
Utility Services

* Tariffs are subject to change from time to time.
 
 
CHAPTER SIX: EXPORT CONDITION
 
    Export:
The enterprises of BEPZA exported goods worth US$ 951.33 million during  July 2003 to March 2004 of the current fiscal year. Of the total export, earnings from EPZ- Chittagong stands at US$  482.76 million, while that of EPZ Dhaka, US$ 463.30 million, EPZ- Mongla US$ 2.48 US$ 2.48 million and EPZ – Comilla US$ 2.79 million.
 
     Employment:
The operating industries in EPZs have so far created new employment opportunity for about 7001 Bangladesh nationals during July 2003 to March 2004 of the current fiscal year, Of them, nearly 5579 Bangladeshi nationals have been employed in EPZ- Dhaka, 804 in EPZ – Chittagong, 141 in EPZ- Comilla and 484 in EPZ- Uttara.
 

 
 

 

 
                                    Picture: Different Production & working place
   
     Investment:
US$ 74.81 million have been invested in the 6 EPZs of the country during the first nine months of the current fiscal year that is July 03 to March 04. Of these total amount, investment in EPZ –Chittagong increased to US$ 40.90 million While that of EPZ – Dhaka US$ 31.75 million,  EPZ- Mongla US$ 0.80 million, EPZ – Comilla US$ 1.34 million and EPZ –Uttara US$ 0.02 million.
 
      Enterprises:
The Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority has sanctioned 38 industries up to March- 2004 of the current fiscal year, Meanwhile, 196 industries are now in operation in the EPZs of Bangladeshi, Of them 123 are 100% foreign, 27 are under joint venture and the rest 46 are fully Bangladeshi owned company. Another 51 enterprises  are in the process  of implementation. Out of these, 119 industries are in operation in EPZ- Chittagong, 69 in EPZ- Dhaka, 3 in EPZ Mongla, 4 in EPZ- Comilla and 1 in EPZ- Uttara.
 
       Achievements of EPZ s:
Export increases up to 8.052 Billion
The cumulative export from EPZs stands at US$ 8.052 billion. The enterprises of the Bangladesh EPZ- Authority have exported goods worth of US$ 8052.36 million up to March, 2004
During the last fiscal year the export from BEPZA was US$ 1200.22 million. Of the total export, earnings from EPZ-Chittagong stands at US$ 5059.87 million while that of EPZ-Dhaka U$$ 2981.51 million, EPZ- Mongla US$ 7.03 million and EPZ-Comilla US$ 3.95 million.
 

Investment stands at US$ 708 Million:
 
The cumulative investment in 196 operating industrial units of the Export Processing Zones of Bangladesh now stands at US$ 708.85 million up to  March, 2004 of  these investment in 119 enterprises in EPZ- Chittagong stands a US$ 413.02 million while that that  of EPZ- Dhaka is US$ 290.44 million in  69 industries, EPZ-Mongla US$ 1.38 million, EPZ-Comilla US$ 3.03 million EPZ-Ettara US$ 0.38 million and EPZ- Ishwardi US$ 0.60 million. In the Last fiscal year (200203) EPZs investment stood at US$ 103.13 million.
 
 

 
Employment Exceeds 136 Thousand:
Six Export Processing Zones of the country have created employment  opportunities  for 1,35,915 Bangladesh nationals and 1044 foreign nationals.
Of these over 84 thousand  are employed in EPZ- Chittagong and 48.495 are working in EPZ- Dhaka. In 2002-2003 fiscal year the total employment in EPZs was 1,28,915
Of the total workers 61% are female and 39% are male
 

 
Bangladeshis are Satisfied with BEPZA:
Bangladeshis are feeling more secured to operate their business in Export Processing zones and they are satisfied with the activities of BEPZA. Bangladeshi entrepreneurs are to invest in 8 industrial units in the EPZs with an investment of US$ 19.119 million which will create employment opportunity for about 1200 Bangladeshi workers. These Bangladeshi entrepreneurs are : M/s RTT Textile Industries will produce textile made ups and different types of towel in Chitagong ePZ. M/s. Opex Sweater will manufacture sweater, M/s. German Chemical and M/s KBC chemicals will produce chemical products and M/s Texas Composite Textile will manufacture knit fabric, garments and yean for sweater in Dhaka EPZ. M/s Khulna Oxygen will produce billets in Mongla EPZ and M/s. sunflower Agro Industry will process betel nut, cinnamon and clove in Uttara EPZ.
 
      
    
Nine Joint Venture Projects:
India will invest  US$ 6.299 million in 4 joint venture industrial units and  will create job opportunity for about 350 workers. Of them M/s. Wiremech (BD) Pvt. Ltd. will produce copper wire and M/s. Legend Electronic (Pvt. ) Ltd. Will produce DVDNCD inDhak EPZ. Other two industries M/s. Expedo (BD) Ltd, will manufacture plastic accessories in Ishwardi EPZ and Kapric Electronics (BD) td, will produce grade DC & electrolytic capacitor in Uttara EPZ.
Another company M/s. Alliance Sweater Ltd. an UK-Babgladesh jointly owned industry will invest US$ 316 thousand for manufacturing knitting & other textile products in Dhaka EPZ. Japanese company M/s. JB-Q&Q Equipment international, will invest US$ 479 thousand for producing mental products and Pakistani textile industry M/s. Familytex will establish their  establish their factory at a cost of US$ 2.458 million in Chittagong EPZ . These three joint venture companies will create employment opportunity for 1374 workers.
Taiwan-Bangladesh will establish two industries M/s. Chaity Ea Chin textile (BD) Ltd and M/s. Nassa Spinning Ltd in Comilla EPZ. They will produce woven & Non oven interlining and yarn. These joint venture companies will invest US$ 6.912 million and will create employment opportunities for 331 workers.
 
More FDI from Canada, china, France & Sri Lanka:
Four companies will invest U$$ 16.983 million and 2300 persons will get job facilities in these companies. These are.
 
Canadian company M/s Mitali Textile industries (BD) Ltd. will establish textile factory in Chittagong EPZ and Chinese company M/s. Goldtex Ltd. will establish factory in Dhaka EPZ.
 
Sri Lankan company M/s. El & M (Bangladesh) Ltd. will produce confectionery items in Ishwardi EPZ and French company M/s . Ecean Gate Sweaters Ltd. will manufacture knitting & other textile products in Comilla EPZ.
                      
Performance of BEPZA in, the last 2 Years:
Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority has sanctioned 66 industrial units for the EPZs of the country during the last 2 years (October 2001-October 2003). Of these 17 are for Chittagong, 23 are for Dhaka, 7 are for Mongla, 10 are for Comilla, 6 are for Ishwardi and 4 are  for Uttara EPZs.
            It may be mentioned that the enterprises of EPZs have exported goods worth of US$ 7345.91 million and it was US$ 5134.51 million till October 01. During the last 2 years the export volume increased by about  US$ 2211.40 million. This shows an increase of 43.07%
 
Performance of BEPZA:
Despite world wide recession FDI has increased in the EPZs during the last two years. Upto October 2001 the investment in EPZs was US$ 490.43 million but now the investment stands at US$ 665.48 million. The volume of investment has increased  by US$ 175.05 million a growth ration  of 35.69%.
 
BEPZA has embarked upon a new arena in the  socio economic development of the country through employment of the country  through employment with 18000 new  job creation during the last 2 years. In the year 2001-2002 BEPZA created employment  opportunity for 8764 Bangladesh nationals and in the 2002-2003 fiscal year another 10,167 Bangladesh nationals got employment opportunity  This shows an increase of 16.02% BEPZA has played significant  role for poverty alleviation with job creation for 1,31,034 persons in the 6 EPZs of the country.
 

 
New EPZs:
 
BEPZA has sanctioned  31 industries for the 4 new EPZs of the country at Mongla, Comilla, Ishwardi and Nilphamari (named Uttara EPZ). Of these  8 have already started production and exporting their Goods. The rest 23 industries are under different stages of implementation.
The ongoing projects of BEPZ i.e. EPZ- Mongla has earned about US$ 4.6 million and EPZ- comilla US$ 1.16 million.
 

 
Of the total industries 13 have been sanctioned for Comilla  EPZ, 8 are for Mongla EPZ, 6 for Ishwardi EPZ and 4 for Uttara EPZ. The countries which have invested in the EPZs are Japan, South Korea, Belgium, China, France, Nepal, Sri Lanka, USA, Taiwan, Thailand and host Bangladesh.
 
CHAPTER   SEVEN:  EPZ CONTRIBUTION TO ECONOMY.
 
Investors from 30 countries:
Types of investment (UPTO June, 2007)
A- 100% Foregn ownership                   161       60%
B- Joint Venture                                    43         17%
C – 100% Local Venture                       60         23%    
Total in op                                             264       100%
U/IMP withla                                        102
Sanctioned ind                                       55
 
 
                                                            421
 
 Monthly wages in EPZs of Bangladesh
 

EPZs growing contribution to Investment, Export and Employment
 
 Presently 264 enterprises are carrying out their operational activities in the EPZs making an
actual investment of 1.26 billion USD. The export from EPZs has also grown steadily which is now
17% of the country's total national export and the same has exceeded two billion marks during the
last financial year. The direct employment opportunities for more than two hundred thousand
Bangladeshi nationals have also been created in the EPZ units constituting 64% of the total work
force from female category.
 
BEPZA’s contribution towards total National Export
 

 

                                  Fig: Product wise enterprises
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Fig: Product wise enterprises

ZONE Wise Statistics (Up to June 2007)
 
 

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

                Fig: Zone wise statistics(up to 2007)
 

2003-04. 2004-05 & 2005-06
 

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Fig: Annual economic benefits (2003-2004 to 2005-2006
 
 
 
SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION OF REGISTERED LOCAL AND FOREIGN, INVESTMENT IN THE DTA DURING 191- JANUARY- 2001
 
 
(Million US$)

Note : Figures in the parentheses represent respective sect oral percentages.
 
Source: Based on the data provided by BOI
 
 
Share of FDI inflow in total investment flow to the EPZs. However, varied in the range of 56.7 percent to 98.4 percent  over the period 1983/86-1999/2000. It tends to decline in most recent years (Table-6) reflecting increasing  participation of the local investors in the EPZs. The ratio of  Fill to gross domestic capital formation varied between 0.1 percent and 2.9 percent compared to an average of 7 percent for all the developing countries over 1991/97. This is because business environment and investment climate in Bangladesh is not fully conducive to foreign investors. The investment climate is sulfating due to political and economic unrest, indecision and lack of clear direction of structural change. Another critical problem is labor indiscipline and militancy of trade unions.
 
SHARE OF FDIFLOW IN TOTAL INVESTMENT –FLOW IN THE EPZS
 
DURING  1983/ 84-1999/2000
 
 

 source: Based on the data provided by BEPZA, CEPZ and DEPZ
 
In the EPZs, although 100 per cent foreign owned FDI
predominates (Table-7), local share of equity in joint ventures.
 
has gone up from 20 per cent in the 1980/5 an early 1990/5 to about 44 per cent in the late 1990s reflecting increasing local participation on  greater control over the joint venture firms. For joint ventures, the major advantage provided by the EPZ is the capitalization of foreign investor’s trademarks, patents and  copyrights  or know –how equity participation in joint figure very poorly. Besides, foreign equity participation in joint ventures makes room for real capital transfers, management and technology. transfers etc. and sharing of risks and profits with most detailed legal protection .But a caveat is in order here. Increasing local investment in the EPZs may lead to increasing capital flight, which needs to be guarded against.
 
RELATIVE SHARE OF THE EPZs IN TOTAL FORMAL
 MANUFACTURING EMPLOYMENT IN THE COUNGRY DURING  
1983/ 84-1999/2000
 

 Sources: (1) BEPZA; (2) Enterprise Survey in the CEPZ and DEPZ.  September-December 2000; (3) BIDS Survey of Garment Workers. July- September 1997 ; and BBS. Monthly Statistical Bulletin. October 2000;
Notes : # excludes fringe benefits and includes fringe benefits.
Exports and Foreign Exchange Earnings :
 
Bangladesh has achieved a phenomenal success in export growth through the activities in EPZs. In the total foreign exchange earnings of the country through exports, the share of EPZs increased from  0.02 per cent in 1983/84 to 15.49 percent in 1999/2000, Also in the foreign exchange through  the exports  of manufactured goods, this share shows the same  trend over the same period (Table—10) reflecting a fast decline in the relative share of the DTA  in both total exports and the
 
CHAPTER EIGHT: CONCLUSION
 
Conclusion:
EPZs in Bangladesh play a significant role in attracting foreign direct investment as well  as in involving local  investment, which jointly contribute to an overall increase in the countries volume of exports and in its earnings of foreign exchange. Foreign exchange earned through exports by EPZ enterprises reduces deficits in the country balance of payments. A part of it is converted into local currency to be spent on procurement of goods and services from the local economy. BEPZA’s contribution to national export was 2.69% in 1990-91 and 17.44% 2005-2006.
The two EPZs provide employment to about 2,01,169 Bangladeshi  workers. As the average family size  in the country  is 6 members, with only one earning member in a family, these 2,01,169 workers earn livelihood for more than 1.2 milllion people. In most cases, foreign investment in EPZs accompanied by utilisation of advanced technology and provides an opportunity for the local workforce to acquire new skills. The trained workers  also help  expedite transfer of technology.
Areas where EPZs have been established have become special growth centers in the economy of Bangladesh as a result of organized and fast development of infrastructure including roads, electricity gas, water supply, telecommunication, fire brigade, post office etc. The private sector around  the EPZ areas have come up with support investments in shopping centers and market , transport agencies, accommodation and recreation facilities etc, which have accelerated the pace of economic activities. In addition to provision of services to the community associated with EPZs , the private sector has also sets up linkage industries nearby EPZs to cater to the needs of industries within them. Many EPZ enterprises have shifted their manufacturing processes of part of a process outside EPZ under subcontracting.
 
The EPZs in Bangladesh have been instrumental in creating  salutary direct benefits in terms of flow of foreign investment, employment generation, export and foreign exchange  earnings, and value added. Limited indirect benefits in terms of technology  and skill transfer, and  linkages have taken place. Most important factors affecting the  success of the EPZs in  Bangladesh are : (i) the existing macroeconomic  policies affecting the EPZs (ii) a more or less realistic exchange rate and stable macroeconomic  environment, and (iii) low-cost labor.
 
A critical limitation of the EPZs is that they accommodate only the light industries with no room for heavy industries, which are the main vehicles of technology and skill transfer. EPZs are essentially an incomplete package in the overall industrialization process underlining the importance of interfacing the EPZ policies with the DTA policies in order to ensure synergic co-existence and growth of ether Wipes and the Data so that they can be made  mutually reinforcing in accelerating industrialization process and maximizing national benefits.
 
 CHEPTER NINE: REFERANCE
1. “Guide book of European Investment in Bangladesh” Bangladesh European Commission, August, 2001
2       Banglasdeh Economic Review 2006.
3.      Statistical Pocket Book 2005
4.      GOB (1997), The Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority Act, 1980 (Act No. XXXVI of 1980 as modified up to the 13^th December 1994), Government of the People’s. Republic of Bangladesh. Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary- Affairs, B.B Press. Dhaka, (PP.1-11)
5. Hossain, Belayet (2001), Globalization and Chittagong Port: Problems and Prospects, a paper presented at a roundtable jointly organized by BIDS and Chittagong University on 27 January, Chittagong  (PP.1-23).
6.      Reza, S.A. L. Export Processing Zone in Bangladesh : A Profile, Dhaka, 1990
7.      Mondal, Abdul Hye: “The role of Export Processing Zones in the industrialization process of Bangladesh: Lessons for future.’’
8.      Zaid, Bakht & Mondal, Abdul Hye, Debapriya Bhattacharya and Mahmood Raisul Awal (1994), An Evaluation of the Export  Processing  Zones in Bangladesh, Final Report, Bangladesh Institute of  Development Studies,
[PP. 1-99..]
9.      “BEPZA (1998),’’ Information for Investors, Bangladesh Export Processing Zones  Authority, Dhaka; ( PP.87-88.)
10. Bhattacharya Debapriya (1998), Export Processing Zones in Bangladesh: Economic Impact and Social Issues, working Paper No. 80, International Labor Offices. Geneva, (PP.1-72)
11.        DIDS (1997), Survey of Garment Workers, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Dhaka.
 12   (Brigadier General Ashraf Abdullah Yussuf)
Executive Chairman,
Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZA)